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01/10/2024
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Title: Machines in Our Hearts: The Cardiac Pacemaker, the Implantable Defibrillator, and American Health Care. 

Author: Kirk Jeffrey. 

Publication info: Johns Hopkins Press, 2001. 

Location: Academic eBook Collection

Description: Today hundreds of thousands of Americans carry pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) within their bodies. These battery powered machines—small computers, in fact—deliver electricity to the heart to correct dangerous disorders of the heartbeat. But few doctors, patients, or scholars know the history of these devices or how heart-rhythm management evolved into a multi-billion-dollar manufacturing and service industry. Machines in Our Hearts tells the story of these two implantable medical devices. Kirk Jeffrey, a historian of science and technology, traces the development of knowledge about the human heartbeat and follows surgeons, cardiologists, and engineers as they invent and test a variety of electronic devices. Numerous small manufacturing firms jumped into pacemaker production but eventually fell by the wayside, leaving only three American companies in the business today. Jeffrey profiles pioneering heart surgeons, inventors from the realms of engineering and medical research, and business leaders who built heart-rhythm management into an industry with thousands of employees and annual revenues in the hundreds of millions. As Jeffrey shows, the pacemaker(first implanted in 1958) and the ICD (1980) embody a paradox of high-tech health care: these technologies are effective and reliable but add billions to the nation's medical bill because of the huge growth in the number of patients who depend on implanted devices to manage their heartbeats.

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12/27/2023
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Title: A Poison Like No Other: How Microplastics Corrupted Our Planet and Our Bodies

Author: Matt Simon

Publication Information: Washington, DC: Island Press. 2022

Description: It's in our food, our clothes, and our homes. It's microplastic and it's everywhere—including our own bodies. Scientists are just beginning to discover how these tiny particles threaten health, but the studies are alarming. In A Poison Like No Other, Matt Simon reveals a whole new dimension to the plastic crisis, one even more disturbing than plastic bottles washing up on shores and grocery bags dumped in landfills. Dealing with discarded plastic is bad enough, but when it starts to break down, the real trouble begins. The very thing that makes plastic so useful and ubiquitous – its toughness – means it never really goes away. It just gets smaller and smaller: eventually small enough to enter your lungs or be absorbed by crops or penetrate a fish's muscle tissue before it becomes dinner. Unlike other pollutants that are single elements or simple chemical compounds, microplastics represent a cocktail of toxicity: plastics contain at least 10,000 different chemicals. Those chemicals are linked to diseases from diabetes to hormone disruption to cancers. A Poison Like No Other is the first book to fully explore this new dimension of the plastic crisis, following the intrepid scientists who travel to the ends of the earth and the bottom of the ocean to understand the consequences of our dependence on plastic. As Simon learns from these researchers, there is no easy fix. But we will never curb our plastic addiction until we begin to recognize the invisible particles all around us.

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Seventy two of France's notable scientists and engineers are remembered today on the Eiffel Tower. You can find the names engraved on the four sides of the tower near its four arches toward the ground. This list contains only men who contributed to science and invention between the French Revolution (1789) and the construction of the Eiffel Tower (1887). Here are screen shots from "La Tour Eiffel" (the site is linked below), where you can read whose name is engraved, their profession, and their location on the Eiffel Tower.  

Read more about these scientists: 

  • Augustin-Jean Fresnel (Created the Fresnel lens, which creates huge, bright beams of light and is used in lighthouses -- has saved countless lives)
  • Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (Discovered that water contains 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen molecules)
  • Henry Louis Le Chatelier (Created Le Chatelier's principle of chemical equilibrium) 
  • Xavier Bichat (Anatomist, considered the father of modern histology, proposed "tissue" as an important element in human anatomy)

Read more about the Eiffel Tower's 72 names: 

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04/26/2023
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Today is the anniversary of the most devastating nuclear disaster in history. Where would you look for reliable information on the Chernobyl Disaster?

     

Top: Video from the USNRC (United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission) on the effects of the Chernobyl Disaster. 

Bottom: Video of someone touring Chernobyl in 2018. 

Often with specific historical events, there are authoritative sources outside of our databases that have great information and insight to share. We've assembled a list of authoritative sources on nuclear energy who have discussed the events preceding the disaster, the disaster itself, and its consequences. Also included is an article from the UN on the lasting cultural and societal effects of the disaster. Here is a partial list of those sources: 

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03/16/2023
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Left: Caroline Herschel. Middle: Caroline's discoveries, in space. (You can view this more closely at this Sky & Telescope link, also listed below.) Right: Caroline & her brother, William Herschel. 

Caroline Herschel and her brother William worked together as astronomers in a small house in Datchet, England. Both Caroline and William were talented musicians who pursued astronomy as a hobby, became increasingly interested in astronomy, and then somewhat accidentally built successful, flourishing careers in the field.

Initially, Caroline worked as William's assistant and did grunt work (looking through the telescope for strange things). But through this grunt work, she made her own discoveries and published them. This way, she was able to make a name for herself as a scientist and able to earn her own income. 

Her discoveries include: a nebula, then Messier 110 (a satellite galaxy near the Andromeda galaxy), followed by eight comets. Her discoveries pushed William to improve his own searching techniques and telescope-building methods. 

Caroline's unusual lifestyle was partially motivated by her childhood. She had smallpox as a child which stunted her growth, and her parents believed this would make it difficult for her to marry. This led to her parents supporting Caroline's education, to William and Caroline arranging to live together, and to Caroline's own drive to provide a living for herself. 

Caroline Herschel was the first woman to earn a salary as a scientist in England. She earned the Gold Medal from the Royal Astronomical Society in 1828. She and Mary somerville were honored as the first female members of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1835. And the King of Prussia granted Caroline the Gold Medal for Science in 1846. 

Read more: 

Watch: 

 

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On this day in 1960, for the first time, Dr. Belding Scribner (Scrib) inserted a shunt into a man's arm to connect an artery to a dialysis machine. The operation was successful and enabled the man, Clyde Shields, to survive on dialysis for over a decade. This shunt (shown in the images below) was the last piece of technology needed to provide long-term dialysis for patients with failing kidneys. The impact of this successful procedure was immediate -- kidney failure was no longer a death sentence. 

      

Left: A diagram naming parts of the original 1960 shunt. Middle: The shunt inserted into Clyde Shields's arm in 1960. Right: Dr. Belding Scribner. 

How it works: The shunt consists of two extension tubes, a stabilizer, and a "U tube" (which takes on a U-shape closer to the patient's elbow). When dialysis is needed, the "U tube" is removed and the dialysis machine connected in its place. (The original 1966 article below explains how this shunt works in more detail.)

Today: Now there are more options for dialysis. Patients may undergo surgery to have a fistula or graft in their arm, or a catheter in their neck, all of which improve access to the bloodstream for dialysis. At-home dialysis is also possible. The patient education webpages listed below offer general overviews of dialysis, including its types, steps, effects, risks, and outlooks. 

Read more: 

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Left: A portrait of Louis Braille. 

Right: The Braille alphabet.

Louis Braille was accidentally blinded in both eyes after an accident in his father's shop when he was three years old. He attended the Royal Institute for Blind Youth in France, where he excelled in his school work and started creating a new communication system for the blind and visually impaired. At the time, there were some resources for the visually impaired that made reading possible, including those made by Valentin Haüy, the founder of Louis Braille's school. However, these resources did not make writing and unspoken communication possible. These resources were also fragile, incredibly large and heavy (especially for youth), and expensive.  

By the age of fifteen, Louis Braille created the communication system that we know as Braille. He spent most of his life improving this system. Initially, he used both dots and dashes, but eliminated the dashes for simplicity. A passionate musician himself, Braille later added music symbols and syntax. 

Instructors and staff at the Royal Institute for Blind Youth effectively banned the use of Braille until 1854, two years after Louis Braille's death. Slowly, Braille was used throughout France, then Europe, and by 1916, the United States. It has since been improved and adapted to new technology, allowing the visually impaired to browse the Internet, complete homework and professional tasks, use computer software applications, and more. 

January 4th is celebrated as World Braille Day (for Louis Braille's birthday). 

Read more:  

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